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The solid slab is the simplest form of reinforced concrete bridge deck. Ease of construction resulting from the simplicity makes this the most economic type for short span structures. Solid slabs also have good distribution properties which make them efficient at carrying concentrated movable loads such as wheel loads for highway bridges. However, above a span of around 10 m the deadweight starts to become excessive, making other forms of construction more economic.
Hollow core concrete plank bridges are highly economical and quickly constructed. When compared with the construction of traditional beam and decking bridges, the cost of a Hollow core plank bridge not only compares favourably but in addition offers a far more rapid construction time. For example in the case of a regional road, Hollow core concrete plank bridges are typically constructed in 4 or 5 days. Compare this with the six weeks required to construct a concrete bridge using on-site pouring. For hollow core plank bridges requiring a reinforced top screed, 6 to 7 days only are necessary for curing. Thereafter the bridge is open to traffic! Hollow core concrete plank bridges can be used to traverse rivers, creeks irrigation channels and ditches in single spans as large as 15 metres and with widths of 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, or 4.8 metres.
A T-beam bridge is a structural element able to withstand large loads by resistance in the beam or by internal reinforcements. In some respects, the T-beam dates back to the first time a human formed a bridge with a pier and a deck. After all, a T-beam is, in one sense, no more than a pillar with a horizontal bed on top, or, in the case of the inverted T-beam, on the bottom. The upright portion carrying the tension of the beam is termed a web or stem, and the horizontal part that carries the compression is termed a flange. However, the materials used have changed over the years but the basic structure is the same. T-beams structures such as highway overpasses, buildings and parking garages, have extra material added on the underside where the web joins the flange to reduce the T-beam’s vulnerability to shear stress. However, when one investigates more deeply into the design of T-beams, some distinctions appear. The T-beam bridge though simple in design, contains multiple design elements of interest. Unlike an I-beam, a T-beam lacks a bottom flange, which carries savings in terms of materials, but at the loss of resistance to tensile forces. In parking garages, however, it is obvious that this lack of a bottom flange on a T-beam actually serves as an advantage in that the stem rests on shelf making the flange the upper deck. T- beam bridge designs come in many sizes, lengths and widths depending on what the structure is and its compression tension needs
A box girder bridge is a bridge in which the main beams comprise girders in the shape of a hollow box. The box girder normally comprises either prestressed concrete, structural steel, or a composite of steel and reinforced concrete. The box is typically rectangular or trapezoidal in cross-section. Box girder bridges are commonly used for highway flyovers and for modern elevated structures of light rail transport. Although normally the box girder bridge is a form of beam bridge, box girders may also be used on cable-stayed bridges and other forms. If made of concrete, box girder bridges may be cast in place using falsework supports, removed after completion, or in sections if a segmental bridge. Box girders may also be prefabricated in a fabrication yard, then transported and emplaced using cranes. For steel box girders, the girders are normally fabricated off site and lifted into place by crane, with sections connected by bolting or welding. If a composite concrete bridge deck is used, it is often cast in-place using temporary falsework supported by the steel girder. Either form of bridge may also be installed using the technique of incremental launching. Under this method, gantry cranes are often used to place new segments onto the completed portions of the bridge until the bridge superstructure is completed.
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